INTRODUCTION:
computers were not born in the last years, in fact the man has always sought to have devices that will help you make quick and accurate calculations . Since the advent of calculators binary until today, there are very few human activities that are not linked in one way or another with electronic machines. Thus we can define the computer as an electronic device capable of receiving a set of instructions and execute them doing calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other types of information to get another set of data or information in response.
DEVELOPMENT SUBJECT: History
computer to calculate the first mechanical computer, a precursor of the digital computer was invented in 1642 by French mathematician Blaise Pascal. One device used a series of ten teeth wheels in each of the teeth had a digit from 0 to 9 .- The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added making advance the exact number. In 1670 the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz perfected this machine and invented one that could also multiply. The French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard, when designing an automatic loom, used thin wood perforated plates to control the fabric used in complex designs. During the decade of 1,880 Unidense state statistician Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of \u200b\u200busing punched cards, similar to Jacquard's boards, for processing data. Hollerith got compile statistics for 1890 population census of the United States using a system that pretended to punch cards for electronic contacts. The machine also analytical nineteenth century British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage elaborated the principles of the modern digital computer. He invented a series of machines, as the difference engine, designed to solve complex mathematical problems. Many historians consider Babbage and his partner, Augusta Ada mathematics Byran British, (1815-1852) daughter of English poet Lord Byran, as the true inventors of the modern digital computer. The technology of that time was not able to transfer their successful practice concepts, but one of his inventions, the analytical engine, and had many of the characteristics of a modern computer. The high-tech world would never have existed if not for the development of the computer or computer. Every society uses these machines in different types and sizes, storage and handling data. The computers have opened a new era in manufacturing through automation techniques have improved and modern communication systems are essential tools in almost all fields of research and technology. Types of computers currently use two types of computers, analog and digital, however, the term computer is often used to refer exclusively to the digital type. Analog computers exploit the mathematical similarity between physical interrelationships in certain problems and employ electronic or hydraulic circuits to simulate the physical problem. Digital computers solve problems perform calculations and solve problems by treating each number digit by digit. Analog computers analog computer is a digit and electronic or hydraulic device designed to handle data entry in terms of, for example, voltage levels or hydraulic pressures, rather than as numeric data. The calculating device, which uses specially calibrated scales lengths to facilitate multiplication, division and other functions. In typical electronic analog computer. Entries become the tensions that can be added or multiplied using elements specially designed circuit. The answers are generated continuously for display or for conversion into other desired shape. The decades of the computers at the end of the 1950 transistor using computers within the advent of smaller logical elements, quick and versatile than machines with valves allowed. In the late 1960's came the manufacture of various transistors. In the 1970 microprocessor became a reality.
Generations of computing:
First generation (1951 to 1958)
The first generation computers used bulbs for processing information. Operators entering the code data and programs in particular through punch cards. Internal storage was achieved with a rapidly rotating drum on which a device read / write magnetic marks placed. These computers were much larger bulbs and generated more heat than contemporary models. Eckert and Mauchly helped develop the first generation computers form a private company and building UNIVAC I, the Committee of the census used to evaluate the 1950 census. IBM had a monopoly on the data processing equipment based on punch cards and was having a boom in products such as meat slicers, food scales, watches and other items, but had not been awarded the contract for the 1950 Census. He began to build electronic computers and their first entry was with the IBM 701 in 1953. After a slow start but the existing IBM 701 became a commercially viable product. But in 1954 IBM introduced the model 650, which is the reason why IBM is now enjoying much of the computer market. The administration of the IBM took a big risk and estimated a sale of 50 computers. This number was greater than the number of computers at that time in the U.S. In fact, the IBM 1000 computers installed. The rest is history. Although expensive and limited use of computers were quickly accepted by private companies and Government. Half of the 50 IBM and Remington Rand were consolidated as a leader in computer manufacturing.
Second Generation (1959-1964)
computers in this generation are reduced in size and are less expensive. Displayed many companies and the computers were quite advanced for its time as the Burroughs 5000 series and ATLAS at the University of Manchester. Some computers were programmed with punch tape and other wiring through a board. The second generation computers also used magnetic core networks instead of rotating drums for primary storage. These cores contained small rings of magnetic material, linked together, which could store data and instructions.
characteristics of this generation:
· wore transistors to process information.
· The transistors were faster, smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes.
• 200 transistors could fit in the same amount of space a vacuum tube.
· used small magnetic rings to store information and instructions.
amount of heat and were extremely slow. ·
were improved computer programs were developed during the first generation.
· We developed new programming languages \u200b\u200blike COBOL and FORTRAN, which were commercially available.
· It is used in applications reservations systems of airlines, air traffic control and general purpose simulations.
• The U.S. Navy developed the first flight simulator, "Whirlwind I". · Emerged minicomputers and remote terminals. Began to decrease the size of computers.
Third Generation (1965-1970)
The third generation of computers emerged with the development of integrated circuits (tablets silicon) in which thousands of electronic components placed in a miniature integration. The new computers became smaller, faster, gave off less heat and were more energy efficient. IBM-360 computer sales dominated the third generation of computers since its introduction in 1965. The PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation was the first minicomputer.
characteristics of this generation:
· We developed integrated circuits for processing information.
· We developed chips to store and process information. A "chip" is a piece of silicon containing electronic components miniature called semiconductors.
· The integrated circuits recall data because they store information as electrical charges. · Surge multiprogramming.
· The computer can perform both tasks of processing or mathematical analysis.
· Emerge the software industry. "
· We develop the IBM 360 and DEC minicomputers PDP-1.
° again computers become smaller, lighter and more efficient.
· They consumed less electricity, thus generating less heat.
Fourth Generation (1971-1988)
In 1971, Intel Corporation, it was a small semiconductor manufacturing company located in Silicon Valley, introduced the first microprocessor chip, or 4 bits, in an area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 4 x 5 mm containing 2 250 transistors. The first microprocessor shown in Figure 1.14, was dubbed the 4004. This generation of computers are characterized by great advances tecnológicosrealizados in a very short time. In 1977 appeared the first microcomputers, including the most famous were those made by Apple Computer, Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines. IBM joins the microcomputer market with its Personal Computer where they have become as synonymous with the name of PC, and most importantly; includes a standardized operating system, MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). The main technologies dominate this market are: IBM and compatible clones calls, made by numerous companies based on processors 8088, 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, 80586 or Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III and Celeron processors from Intel and secondly Apple Computer with its Macintosh and Power Macintosh, which have great capacity to generate graphics and sound thanks to its powerful processor Motorola 68000 and PowerPC series, respectively. The latter chip has been fabricated using RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing tion), by Apple Computer Inc., Motorola Inc. and IBM Corporation, together. Operating systems have developed considerably, especially the ability to generate large-des-speed graphics, which allows you to use GUI (Graphic User Interface, GUI), which are screens with windows, icons (pictures) and pull-down menus that facilitate communication tasks between the user and the computer, such as selection of operating system commands for copying operations or format with a simple press of any button on the mouse (mouse) on one of the icons or menus .
characteristics of this generation:
· We developed the microprocessor. · It put more circuits within a chip. · "LSI - Large Scale Integration circuit."
· "VLSI - Very Large Scale Integration circuit."
• Each chip can perform different tasks.
• A "chip" currently contains simple control unit and the unit of arithmetic / logic. The third component, the primary memory, is operated by other chips.
· It replaces memory magnetic rings by the memory chips of silicon.
. Develop microcomputer, or personal computers or PC.
· We develop supercomputers.
Fifth Generation (1988-present)
· We develop microcomputer, or personal computers or PC.
· We develop supercomputers. AI: Artificial Intelligence is the field of study that aims to apply human thought processes used in solving computer problems.
Robotics:
Robotics is the art and science of creation and use of robots. A robot is a computer system that performs independent hybrid physical and computational activities. Are being designed with artificial intelligence so that can respond more effectively to unstructured situations. Expert systems: An expert system is an artificial intelligence application that uses a knowledge base of human experience to help solve problems. Communication Networks: The channels of communication that connect computers and terminals are known as communication networks, all the hardware that supports interconnections and all the software that manages the transmission.
CONCLUSION: The computer is a machine capable of automatically processing or treating by following the instructions of a program, information that is provided, which can be formed either by numbers, letters or symbols. The birth of the so-called first generation of computers came in 1951. The fourth, to which belong most of today's computers, characterized by the use of microprocessors and electronic memory, began in 1971. The pace of change has been extraordinary and in 1981 it was possible to launch the first personal computer, which was an instant success and spurred the spread of the computation among large populations. The progress of microelectronics and computing has led to a parallel development of telecommunications and the progressive integration of the two: digitization, development of broadband services, networks terrestrial wireless or satellite, in particular, fiber optic networks that transmit sounds, images and data at speeds between 10 and 100 times higher than those achieved in the copper wire lines.
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Website: http://www.cad.com.mx/generaciones_de_las_computadoras.htm Applied Computing Desarrollo SA de CV
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci% C3% B3n_de_computadoras of wikipedia
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