July 2009

INTRODUCTION:

The manuscript period extends to the creation of printing in China in the eleventh century.
A century after the paper reached Europe through the Arab world as an article of import. The Italians and French were able to make the paper themselves to another century.
in Europe beginning mid-fifteenth century the era of Gutenberg, with the great cultural revolution produced by the movable type perfected by the German Johann Gutenberg press Gutenberg.la using movable metal types who had carved the letters, signs marks and numbers and some of their faces, and unlike wood carvings, could be used many times.

DEVELOPMENT SUBJECT:

The printing press The printing press as we know it today has its roots in the system created by Johann Gutenberg.
The idea that revolutionized the development of communication was to use capital letters. The procedure was as follows: a mold is constructed of hollow clay in the shape of each letter. Hot metal is poured into this recess so that, when cooled, it was possible to obtain a metal mold in the shape of the letter. These molds produce
allowed print as many letters as needed.
After doing this, the letters lined metal trays to form words and sentences. Then inked and put on them a piece of paper or parchment. The first printing

The story attributed to Gutenberg's creation the printing press was not in Europe but in China, and many centuries before, which invented paper, printing and mobile typefaces. The oldest printed book was a Buddhist text from 868 AD and published in China using the process of the engraving.
One of the problems to be solved was that of the press, that is, the tool that the printer you need to compress the paper so that the inked metal letters left their mark on it. A Gutenberg
occurred to him that this work could be adapted to effect a winepress screw type. Then create a tool that had two wooden rectangular plates: one of them was the paper and in the other Inked rates. By turning the screw a plate system pressure on the other. Thus, by separating the sheets of paper were printed.
The first book that Gutenberg was chosen to print the Bible. This press
became known as the movable type, and that the letters were separate units and thus could be used time and again to put together different texts. First impressions

In the history of mankind, many different cultures have used stamps to reproduce images, symbols, words, signatures. These seals were made by polishing a hard material, such as stone, bone, ivory or wood-engraved or so on its surface, or modeling ceramic or porcelain. Often personal seals rings strung. Usually inking stamps or smeared with different pigments, and is pressed against the surface to be printed, but also used for stamping clay reliefs.
In China, as early as 175 or 180 AD, some texts and spiritual leader of the philosopher Confucius and the Five Classics were forty-six engraved on stone tablets (both sides) at Imperial College. Students could make copies of them, supporting thin sheets of wet paper on the rocks and scraping on the characters, who remained in low relief, when dried, ink spent on sheet, so that the blade was black with white writing. There were "calcadores" selling their work.
As for book publishing in China started to print on blocks of hardwood leaf by leaf carved around 700 AD
Europe during the Middle Ages, as the demand for books was not abundant, there was no incentive for development of printing. If you used the hard wood engraving print cards, holy pictures, images in the manuscript and small collections of short stories with techniques most likely from China.
The movable type
to the invention of movable type, books were made by hand, either by writing directly to the copyists, or carving wooden block pages in a mirror (with the letters reversed) to print under pressure. Movable type printing was the first small independent blocks with letters, signs, symbols or ideograms recorded, it did many of each (quantities depending on frequency of use, in English, the letter the letter is the most widely used "a") to assemble the different pages of a book by putting the letters or line types. This will be derived from the same mold, for example, a thousand copies of a book, and then disassemble it and those guys make a new mold print other books.
The printing press was invented by Bi Sheng in China about the year 1041 AD, the material used for the types at first was pottery, later it became more common to use wood, enameled iron and bronze.
In China, this printing technique was used primarily for very large books, which have no such demand, as there are many thousands of characters was slower and more complicated to assemble the text located each of the signs, to burn wood.
Gutenberg's invention was not whether the "press" as it is usually said, but that of a printing technique that revolutionized book publishing, y que le llevo años desarrollar.
Los manuscritos, que tenían finas terminaciones, iluminaciones con oro e ilustraciones, Gutenberg procuro imitar en sus ediciones este estilo. Por consiguiente, debió crear numerosos tipos para copiar las abreviaturas y la cantidad de signos que solían escribir los copistas; también al mostrar los moldes, se dejaba lugar para que las letras capitales (las que iniciaban el capitulo) fueran realizadas a mano, así como alguna decoración. El perfeccionamiento de la técnica de impresión llevo varios años; los libros realizados en esta primera época de la imprenta (hasta el año 1501) se denominan incunables, y son muy valiosos; quedan en la actualidad unos 35.000 ejemplares.
The development of printing in Europe in the fifteenth century was successful because it met the needs of the times: in the cultural and artistic renaissance, the company began to require reading material in amount. The book I chose for its first edition Gutenberg was the Bible, because at that time was to demand more, even reprint was requested in the next century.
The Gutenberg printing system, despite the improvements of the late eighteenth century, remained basically the nineteenth century, when printing was invented steam. Curiosities
was
• The Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed. • Two decades later
the invention of Gutenberg, about 1470, the major cities of Europe had typographical workshops, which speaks of the rapid spread of printing. The University of Paris, Sorbonne, installed a workshop at the headquarters of the university that year.
· The first books were printed with Gutenberg techniques were medieval works of classical authors (Greek and Roman), of which manuscript copies exist.
• During the Renaissance made the passage from manuscript to printed book.
• With the new way of producing books comes the printing trade and typographic art. typographers artisans created new designs and styles of printers.
· The first printers were German and Gutenberg introduced the technique in Italy.
• The circulation of printed books was restricted for three centuries by the various institutions of power that "authorized the readings." In Italy, Spain and Portugal, readers should follow the caesuras of the Inquisition, book bans imposed by the Catholic Counter Reformation. Also the absolute sovereign states governed by regulating the distribution of publications that would threaten the authority of the monarchy. The actual permissions required printers, called licenses or privileges granted exclusive rights to the printing of certain works and for a deadline.
Machines typeface typographic
The word originally designated to the technique of printing with movable type, using presses. As the development of the printing drive the design of new types of letters, words, new characters, you call those imprenteros typographer and composers who designed the first typeface families.
So, is designated as "inventor of typography" to Gutenberg types that composed with Gothic), to Aldus Manutius (which imitated the cursive Latin script) and Didot (I copy the English letter)
presses were initially flat, were lowered by a spiral shaft, screw, so you could make two hundred and fifty copies per hour. In the eighteenth century these screws were replaced by levers, but were equally slow, allowing larger print areas, so that the process acelero.la faith rotary press invented in 1844 by the American Richard Hoe: the types were placed on a cylinder of metal instead of a flat plate. To make the curved plates and used in these automated presses, invented the stereotype: the mold was removed from the armed typography, and copied thin sheets of metal, these hate bending and typeface used in printing presses to print newspapers. And the process was further accelerated when the press began to be fed by a continuous roll of paper. This could make 14,000 copies of a newspaper in one hour. Later
create other forms of duplicates for typography, more faithful to the original as electrotypes (with which they made the clichés to reproduction and photopolymer plates.

Offset Lithography Lithography was invented by the artist and cartographer Aloys Senefelder German in 1796, seeking to duplicate their work in an economic way. discovered that they could reproduce the drawings on highly polished limestone, made with oil-based ink, this technique soon became very popular and could make lithographs color that seemed watercolors.
During the twentieth century, this technique is perfected by transferring lithographic ink from the surface to a cylinder covered with rubber blanket and from there went on drawing paper. This indirect method for making reproductions of drawings faster, is called offset. After the Second World War, the offset is perfected, and printing presses were made with this system, reaching to 30,000 impressions per hour. Expansion

A print from the sixteenth century, the development of printing spread throughout Europe by enabling the paper edition of thousands of books. This generated a series of changes. First, it began publications appear in different languages, which led to a gradual abandonment of Latin. This involved the church's loss of monopoly control that previously had knowledge through his copyists. Recall that a cause of reform led by Luther was the possibility for large segments of the population to access and therefore interpret the scriptures, challenging the dominant interpretation given by the Roman church until

electronic printing processes
mechanical printing methods mentioned above now allow high-speed now allow fast print speeds, but they are profitable only for large runs because they require the platemaking, mounting on machines, etc. when you want to print a few copies are cheaper printing processes and paper waste.

printing of the newspaper today:
The birth of the newspaper is once collected information on the server. A machine automatically sorts all pages that make up the day. Earlier in the drafting has been responsible for defining whether the number is 72, 64 or 56 pages and which ones will be printed in color. At this point the process comes into play is when the human personnel who are responsible to give a final review of all the work for if there is any problem. If there is (for example, repeated or damaged pages), is to warn the newspaper that it remedied, and if not, continue with the process. Once everything is in order, a charge of translating machine, using the technique of CTP (Computer to plate ", directly to the plate in Castilian), each of the sheets in a sheet of aluminum, which will be responsible for print the contents on paper. Meanwhile, workers have to prepare the press, no easy task. Cattle should be placed heavy paper (about 500 kilos each) in place and pulling it tight, because if you lose tension or break your paper roll printing must be stopped to reset everything. Also, check the ink levels are in order. And when the information has finished being captured in the aluminum plates, they are put in place. This is where begins the printing process itself dicho.Al give the button to activate the rotating noise takes over the ship. At breakneck speed, the paper goes through several stages through the complex machinery. Your tour begins in the bovine, from where you are going to different plates, which will print the information on pages in three phases according to the base color hue: magenta, cyan and yellow. Then, with the paper and engraving, the strip runs through a guillotine, you cut the pages in booklets of sixteen pages (this figure depends on the format of the newspaper), that are subsequently booting, thus forming the final result. This process, which seems so simple, it requires careful planning, because if the chain fails at some point the result is not expected.

machines before until today

CONCLUSION:
The invention of writing marked the beginning of human history itself, the long process of invention and improvement printing and graphic arts signaled the transition from traditional to modern societies. The latter, especially when companies became large masses can not be ordered without the assumption, production of printed material.
Early woodcut printed books appeared in the fifteenth century. A metal version of the woodblocks, which on the technique called metallography (that developed soon after) corresponded, however the German Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-fifteenth century, the honor of being the initiator of modern graphic arts procedures . The types are placed one after the other hand, a wooden bar was fastened. Throughout
XVI century mechanical advances were intended to regulate the pressure of the plate and prevent ink stains used to appear in print.

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